PG Scope Case Study Essay Example

PG Scope Case Study Essay Example PG Scope Case Study Paper PG Scope Case Study Paper Scribd Upload a Document Search Documents Explore Hazie Jamaluddin / 3 Download this Document for Free Procter Gamble Inc: Scope Scope was introduced in 1967 by Procter Gamble, is a green mint tasting mouthwash,and was positions as a great tasting mouth refreshing brand that provided bad breathprotection. Scope held 32% share of the Canadian market for 1990. In 1970 Scope becamethe market leader in Canada, with many competitors, such as Listerine mouthwash that waslaunched by Warner Lambert in 1977 and it was a direct competitor to Scope, it had nearlythe same characteristics as Scope with a 12% of the market share during that time. But themajor competitor for Scope was Plax, a brand by Pfizer Inc, which was launched in Canadain 1988 on a platform quite different from the traditional mouthwashes, and gained a 10%share since launched. Plax detergents were supposed to help loosen plaque to makebrushing effective. Before the entry of Plax, brands in the mouth wash market werepositioned around two major benefits that are fresh breath and killing germs, whereas Plaxwas positioned around a new benefit as a plaque fighter and claims Plax removes up tothree times more plaque than just brushing alone. In studying the current situation and preparing for a strategic plan, Gwen Hearst reviewedthe available information and surveys for the mouthwash market and Scope showed that75% of Canadian household use 1 or more mouthwash brands. The company’s marketresearch revealed that users could be segmented to â€Å"heavy† users that comprised 40% of all users and to â€Å"medium† users that comprised 45% of all users and to light users thatcomprise 15%. The company also made a research on why consumers use mouthwash,and the results were: consumer’s basic hygiene, it gets rid of bad breath, it kills germs andmany other reasons. Also surveys were conducted of mouthwash user’s image of the major brands based on several attributes such as, reducing bad breath, killing germs, removingplaque and others. Plax achieved a strong image on removing plaques and healthier teethand gums, whereas scope scored a weaker image on those attributes. In analyzing theCanadian mouthwash market share the data showed that Scope had the highest marketshare among all brands, but there was a big difference in the share held by Scope in foodstores 42%, versus drug stores 27%. Competitive data were also collected for advertisingexpenditures, and the results were that most of the advertising expenditures were of Scope,Listerine and Plax accounting for 90% of all advertising. As for the retail prices, bothListerine and Plax had the highest prices among other brands in food stores, whereasScope, Listerine and Listermint had the highest prices in drug stores. And in comparingScope market share between Canada and USA, the results showed that Scope in Canadatakes 33% of the market share, while USA Scope’s market share was 21. 6% that came after Listerine, where Listerine held 28% of the mouth wash market share in America. After the introduction of Plax by Pfizer Inc whereby PG were loosing market share, andafter studying the current situation and making several surveys and market researches,Hearst challenge was to the 1 st problem which is to develop strategy that ensures the ontinued profitability of Scope in face of competitive threats and especially by Plax thatgained 10% share of the product category. So her specific task was to prepare a marketingplan for PG mouthwash business for the next 3 years. The 2 nd problem is how will PGmaintain their profit and make sure that the Scope brand is always the first mouthwashproduct ranking among consumers? The mouthwash market is changing everyday with theemergence of new products and prod uct features. As a result, PG wants their Scopebrand to be the first choice among consumers. In the case of product development, PDD has demonstrated that Scope reduced plaquebetter than brushing alone because of the antibacterial ingredients in it. So the (ProductDevelopment) PDD has recently developed a new pre-brushing rinse product that performedas well as Plax but didn’t work any better than Plax in removing plaque. The key benefit of this recently launched product is that it tastes better than Plax. However, PDD’s preferencewas to not launch a new product, but instead to add plaque reduction claims to Scope. Since the basic argument was that it is better to protect the business that PG was alreadyin, than to launch a completely new entry. As for the case of sales, the sales people hadnoticed that Plax sales were increasing in the market place, and believed Scope shouldrespond quickly, so they suggested that a brand must be unique and different enough fromthe competitors in order to be listed in the store shelves, or otherwise the category salesvolume would spread over more units. Market researchers suggested that Hearst look at other benefits or alternatives beyond justa â€Å"plaque reassurance on scope† or a â€Å"a better tasting pre-brushing rinse† Whereas thepoint of view from finance, on one hand Plax had a high price so a new rinse might be aprofitable option, on the other hand they were concerned about the capital and marketingcosts which would increase. The purchasing manager estimated that the cost of the newingredients of a line extension would increase by $ 2. 55 and the packaging would cost$0. 30. As for the advertising agency it favoured a line extension, since adding any new claimfor scope is a huge strategic shift for the brand that would confuse the consumer anddecrease the market share, because relating 2 different ideas is very difficult (breathrefreshment good tasting) (removes plaque). Hearst and the business team have two options, on one hand a line extension or newproduct positioned against Plax could be introduced into the market and in the other handdoing nothing and just looking at claims other than â€Å"breath† instead of adding a new product. Launching a new product â€Å"new pre-brushing rinse† would cannibalize a part of Scopesales, also the delivery, marketing and capital costs of PG will increase if a new rinse waslaunched and the user of Scope would be confused since he/she saw in the old scope abreath refreshment, taking into consideration that the new rinse is not any better than Plax in reducing plaque, but at the same time it may increase the market share of PG andincrease its profit. Whereas adding a new claim for Scope ould not increase the volumeof sales, but it could prevent current users of Scope to switch and it would stabilize thebusiness, and even though the advertising agency thinks that it’s hard to relate two differentclaims, it should try to relate them in order to make an effective advertising that includesboth â€Å"breath† and â€Å"plaque† claims. Since adding plaque reduction to breathe refreshmentand good tasting is an additional benefit that the scope consumer can be nefit from and itmay attract the potential users that scope aim at. Also PG has to collect more informationto see what the consumer needs and improve it within the same product; especially that it isbased on a philosophy of satisfying the customer needs. Scope was positioned around twobenefits that are refreshing breath and good tasting, and it should stick to this position withother additional claims or benefits if it can, so it should not launch a new product thatconfuses the customers but stick to this position that it has in the market place and that isconsidered to be its competitive advantage. It’s better to protect the business that PG isalready in for many years and just add a plaque claim, than launching a completely newentry that is not secured. Questions: 1)How will PG develop a strategy that will ensure the continued profitability of Scopedespite competition? 2) Should PG take risk of introducing the completely new product for 3 years plan? Discuss the advantage and risk involved. 3)

Transportation Security Administration Research Paper

Transportation Security Administration - Research Paper Example The agency’s duties and responsibilities have necessitated the need to bring together various employees prior to the specific activity integral to all the activities that the agency undertakes. These are: Transportation Security Officers and Inspectors, National Explosives Detection Canine teams, Federal Air Marshals and VIPR teams (Balog, 2007). Airport inspector turnover is a persistent problem that the TSA has had to deal with. Year in year out, inspector turnover has affected performance and discharge of security measures in many airports of the US. There has been an observed persistent pattern of screeners’ turnover, resulting in delayed screening procedures in many US airports. This problem alongside that of selecting and training TSA inspectors can be addressed from the point of view of a criminal justice administrator. In addressing this issue in this perspective, TSA airport inspector turnover can be reduced in a number of ways, among them: Tracing the root cau se of the problem Managing the turnover experienced in the TSA is a positive move by the management in the recent past. However, in addressing this problem, it is fundamental to trace the path from which this problem emerged. The system outlays a clear form of activity coordination between and among all the departments under the TSA. Inspector turnover is not just an issue that emerged out of the blues. The activities, duty and responsibility discharge by these inspectors must have been challenged at some point, resulting in this problem. It is ascertained that the TSA inspector turnover is the highest compared to other security agencies in the US (Steve, 2010). Once the root cause of the problem has been identified, then other prospects in regard to reducing this turnover can be pursued. Policy formulation and implementation Employment and work policies that are currently in place have not fully met employee welfare. This is evidenced by the consistent efforts to improve salaries a nd work duties of TSA employees, especially the inspectors (Welch, 2010). The turnover has been accelerated by lack of employee-work functionality and operation management systems. These systems should be designed and put in place to oversee employer-employee conduct in the line of duty and responsibility. Putting these systems in place would ensure that instead of inspector turnover being persistent; the arising issues that result in the turnover are addressed, thus reducing turnover numbers through the set system. Policies that are tailored towards aiding this process should be well formulated and implemented for the benefit of all stakeholders in the public transport sector, TSA included. Monitoring of the TSA’s office Many TSA inspectors have termed the TSA office as ineffective and inefficient. They claim that at various instances the office fails to give proper information about specific duties and responsibilities of the inspectors. Once hired, the inspectors have foun d the terms, requirements, duties and responsibilities to not meet their expectations. As a result, many inspectors have quit their jobs. On the same note, terms of employment are not clear, making some employees to go long as part-timers before they are permanently employed. Even on part-time employment basis, shifts of work keep varying, making these part-timers fixed to this job with no opportunity to do

Modern dance and ballet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Modern dance and ballet - Essay Example esis Statement: Modern Jazz dance has very little resemblance with classical ballet; it is an improvisation that fuses modern dance and ballet as such, requiring dancers to be able twist and swing while watching the positioning of their hands. There is major emphasis on the use of bare feet, torso movements and most importantly, incorporation of humor into emotional expression. This dance requires that dancers train daily, and at times, take classic ballet classes in order to help them keep up with the complexity and technicality of the choreography of this dance. It requires that dancers follow ideas related to efficient movement of bodies, attention to detail, and keeping with a small space while making dance moves. The moves mostly used in modern jazz dance include Jazz kicks, Hands, Rolled shoulders, Turned knees and Sideways shuffling. Important features of modern jazz dance are the syncopated rhythm adopted from jazz music; improvisations, isolations and its requirement of high energy levels and low center of

Geomatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Geomatics - Essay Example (PLSO) Geomatics tradition in land surveying and mapping science has enabled today's modern era to understand the scientific methods used in the same way as the challenge of representing a round Earth on a flat surface which was the basic confront for map projection; therefore land survey and graphical presentation were standard skills of the geographer as map maker. The principles of good measurement and models have enabled us to understand more or less 'land surveying' as a profession or an industry. Land analysis in surveying, usually done in professional concern is never so much neglected as forcefully rejected by the people. The reason is the perception built by customer, they are not concerned by the analysis and measurement, the only concern, which they possess, is the cost and commercial value of the asset. There are good grounds for most of the realignments, as flaws in analysis are recognised and replaced by very different approaches. Yet the rejection is too all embracing and it is a clear case of 'throwing the baby out with the bathwater'. The best example can be seen by the confusion people possess to accept it in the form of profession. There was a time when physical geography and mapping sciences were largely untouched by these perturbations and the scientific method in its broadest sense continued to serve them well. The question for human geography is now the form in which the heritage of spatial analysis may coexist alongside more recent qualitative methodologies and how both can contribute to the continuing development of the discipline. Some of the inheritance has never really gone away. Qualitative methods compete with the quantitative and each has something of value to offer. Research practices from anthropology such as participatory and observational techniques have a part to play. Although the teaching of Geography still reflects the influence of spatial analysis, it is far less evident in the weight of ongoing research and probably that is to the disadvantage of the discipline. As Turner (2002) pointed out, much of human geography has lost touch with mainstream social science research where positive science remains a strong component. This is not to denigrate the quality of the raft of research in human geography, simply to say that the balance needs to be restored and some of the prejudices removed. (Herbert & Matthews, 2004, p. 28) Increasingly competitive and complex real estate market surveys require international investors to become more knowledgeable about the unique requirements of real estate assets. The demand for the objective counsel of property advisers with technical knowledge of functional areas and products appeared to rise incrementally with the expansion of commercial property investment. Land surveying advisory services covered diverse disciplines within the profession, which includes mostly the real estate: the sale and leasing of property, real estate finance, institutional investment, property and asset management, portfolio investment management, and project management and construction.

Wireless devices without Wi-Fi Essay Example for Free

Wireless devices without Wi-Fi Essay 3.1.1 What would happen if wireless devices were not governed by the Wi-Fi Alliance and each vendor had its own standards and protocols? What impact would this have on your personal life or business communications? Personal information and business will slow down due to each vendor having its own standards/protocols. It will also be more vulnerable to attacks and make accessing more difficult. 3.1.2 Give another example of a model that is used to visualize something that is difficult to observe or perceive. How does the model make it easier to understand? Another way of displaying information for easier understanding is to use a flow chart. A flow chart can be used as a step by step guide. 3.1.3 Based on what you already know about networks, what are the different layers you think would be necessary for communication to be mapped to a model? Consider direct connections between host devices and connections that require other routing equipment, such as a hub, switch, or router. 1. Data link 2. Physical 3. Application 4. Network 5. Transport 3.1.4 The granularity of the reference model will often determine the usefulness of the model. What will happen if a model is too general? What will happen if a model is too granular (focused on individual detail)? If the data is too detailed, it may overlap with other information. However if the data is too general, then there may be crucial information missing. 3.1 Review 1. Why would a three-layer model of communication that has the layers  physical, network, and application be insufficient to adequately describe network communication? The model would be insufficient because it would not have the ability to transport data to any other network. 2. What is the history of the OSI reference model? How did it come about and why was it created? Use your textbook and internet research to support your answer. OSI was created in the late 1970s. It was created to define a unifying standard of architecture for networking systems. OSI was meant to be the foundation for what would later be known as the internet but when comparing to TCP/IP protocols, OSI just wasn’t enough to support the rapid growth of the internet. Now, the OSI model is used to explain networking in general terms. OSI is still used today by software/hardware designers to clarify roles in a networking system. 3. What is the history of TCP/IP model? Why was it created? Use your textbook and internet research to support your answer. TCP/IP was developed in the early 1970s, originally as part of a research network the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) developed. However, due to the TCP/IP protocols limitations and flaws, ARPA developed a new network. In the mid-1970s, it was found that TCP was attempting to do too much. This is when they decided to split TCP and IP into two separate layers. In the 1980s, TCP/IP was used to run ARPAnet and also started to expand to other machines and networks, completely evolving ARPAnet. This is how the internet was born. 3.2.1 Using Figure 3-1, define each layer of the OSI model in your own words and state what each layer provides. Use your textbook or internet research to support your answer. Application – Quality of service is established, communication partners are identifies, user authentication and privacy is considered and established. Presentation – Changes data into a form that the application can accept. Session – Manages and terminates connections between applications. Transport – Transfers data between systems, maintains flow control and recovery. Network – Provides switches and routing technologies and creating logical paths. Data link – Data packet is encoded Physical – provides the hardware necessary for sending and receiving data, bit stream 3.2.2 Using Figure 3-2 as a basis, complete the diagram to show the intermediate  encapsulation provided by each layer. Use your textbook and internet research to support your answer. Transport – Segments Network – Packets Data link – Frame 3.2.3 Briefly explain the de-encapsulation steps in the communication of host B receiving a message and host A destined for an active application. Host A will use application for the OS while allowing the PC to still communicate to other devices. Transport will control the data sent and received. The network will place IP addresses to the packets allowing data to be added to the MAC addresses and physical link between host and lines. Exercise 3.2.4 Explain why routing devices do not need the upper layer of the OSI model to route traffic. What is the highest layer of the OSI model used by the router to decide where to forward traffic? The first three layers of the OSI is typically what a router needs to route traffic. The first three layer are physical, data link and network. The highest level the OSI decide where to forward traffic to is the transport layer which is located in the host layers. Lab 3.2 Review 1. How does the abstraction of the physical layer facilitate interoperability across networks using different types of physical wires? IP terminals might be located in different parts of the build making it complex. There are lines coming in and out of the build that might be different than that issued to a company. To try and replace one will be complex, confusing and time consuming if unsure. 2. The OSI model is not directly implemented in networking and often the distinction between the layers will blur in implementation. Why does it endure despite these issues? Use your textbook and internet research to justify your answer. Technicians still use the OSI model because it gives a step by step guide on  how the information is being transported and makes troubleshooting more precise. 3. Given the purpose of each, is it necessary to retain the top three layers of the OSI model as separate entities? Use your textbook and internet research to justify your answer. It is not necessary to keep the top three layers of the OSI model when TCP/IP combines the top three layers of OSI into one layer that ultimately does the same functions. Exercise 3.3.1 Using your textbook and internet research, create a mapping between the TCP/IP model and the OSI reference model. What are the distinct differences between them? One major difference between OSI and TCP/IP is the first three layers of OSI are combined into a single layer in TCP/IP known as the Application Layer. The other difference is the last two layers, Data link and Physical layer are combined into one layer known as Network Access or Link Layer. Exercise 3.3.2 Identify the layer in which each protocol resides according to the TCP/IP model. OSI # OSI Layer Name TCP/IP # TCP/IP Layer Name Encapsulation Units TCP/IP Protocols 7 Application 4 Application Data FTP, HTTP, POP3, IMAP, telnet, SMTP, DNS, TFTP 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Transport Segments TCP, UDP 3 Network 2 Internet Packets IP 2 Data Link 1 Network Access Frames 1 Physical Bits Exercise 3.3.3 The most common protocols used from this suite are IP, TCP, and UDP. Briefly describe the purpose and function of each of these. Use your textbook and internet research to support your answer. UDP – User datagram protocol – this is a connectionless service the gives best-effort delivery but does not guarantee delivery. This is often used for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communications such as video conference applications. IP – Internet protocol – Primarily a communications protocol within the internet protocol suite that relays datagrams across network boundaries. Ultimately it establishes the Internet. Delivers packets from the source host to destination hosts based on IP address in the packet header. TCP – Transmission Control Protocol – Core protocol of IP. Known for its reliability and error checking delivery between programs running on computers connected by common networks. Sends data in the form of message units between comp uters using the internet. Lab 3.3 Review 1. UDP is a connectionless protocol, unlike TCP, so there is no feedback on whether a packet was received. When would this type of protocol be used and what is the benefit of using it? Use your textbook and internet research to draw your conclusions. UDP is ideal for when you are managing a large amount of information and you don’t want to use TCP because the operating system won’t be able to support that many sessions at one time. This does not happen frequently as TCP has become more reliable but it still is one example of why you’d rather use UDP. UDP can also get a quick response from another server more quickly. However UDP has been viewed as unreliable because there is no feedback and information can get lost. 2. HTTP is the common protocol used to retrieve web resources in a web browser. This runs over TCP/IP networks using TCP. What characteristics of TCP make its use in this situation desirable? Use your textbook and internet  research to draw your conclusion. The feedback feature in TCP is ideal because you are guaranteed that messages will be sent and received successfully. One common application that is a prime example of TCP and its success is through e-mail. Exercise 3.4.1 The data link layer introduces physical addressing in the form of Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. Each frame header is Ethernet, for example, will contain a source and destination MAC address. Why is this sufficient to route traffic locally without invoking the higher-level logical addressing? Use your textbook and internet research to guide your conclusion. MAC addresses are sufficient enough to route traffic to other networks because the frame header of MAC addresses contains all that is required without having to access higher level logical addresses. Exercise 3.4.2 Choose one of the captured packets. Click the + sign next to the Ethernet entry. This should give you the data link layer information for the frame, including the source and destination MAC addresses. Record the frame number and the source and destination MAC addresses identified by the data link layer heading. You can identify a MAC address by its format; for example, 00: 26: 62: 65: 81: 07 00:26:62:65:81:07 is a MAC address. These are commonly written in hexadecimal shorthand. Exercise 3.4.3 Open a web browser and navigate to a site that you use frequently (or visit www.pearson.com) while the packet capture is active. This will record the individual frames involved in resolving the website and delivering its content to your PC. When you view this traffic in the life packet capture, what protocols do you see invoked? You can find these under the Protocol heading for each frame. Exercise 3.4.4 and Exercise 3.4.5 cannot do because student doesn’t have access to data link layer connection (Omnipeek). Lab 3.4 Review 1. Wireshark give you the ability to save captured traffic. This can be a  great benefit to network administrators, but it can also pose a security risk. What kind of security risks does this present? Use your textbook and internet research to support your conclusion. There are a few risks associated with Wireshark. There is a possibility of a back-door hack, and the security configuration of Wireshark enables it to run in the background after exiting. While running in the background, one can access your routing information, IP addresses, passwords and usernames. 2. The frame encapsulates all other information from the higher layers of the network communication. What kind of information on the network layer encapsulation is available in Wireshark? Using Wireshark, you can track Wi-Fi access, IP addresses, network routings and encrypted packets.

Roles Of Individuals And Societies :: essays research papers

Roles of Individuals and Societies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The early twentieth century marked a period of rapid industrial and technological change in a society which began to redefine the roles of the individual and society. Max Weber and Sigmund Freud were two revolutionary thinkers of the time who recognized the importance of this relationship and tried to determine whether the power balance between society and the individual was tilted in one particular direction or the other. A world becoming an increasingly complex and restrictive forced these thinkers to ask themselves if society had indeed finally become a force too dynamic for the individual to manipulate; that if in fact it was society that had mastered the man. Although both thinkers provide radically different views of culture and society they are both essentially trying to answer the same question: does the individual control society or does society control the individual?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The relevance of such an argument might first be debated, for one might first respond to this question with some doubt; surely we have control of ourselves, do we all not have control of our own faculties at this very moment? At this moment you are reading or being subjected to a reading of this paper, therefore if this indeed is not fufilling some immediate obvious desire it is accomplishing some sort of other goal. Likely this goal is to achieve an education but again we might ask ourselves why? Surely we all want to further our scholarly qualities and develop our minds but more likely this again has an underlying goal: to succeed in society. Society has shown us that in most cases it requires a good deal of education in order to succeed. Therefore we might entertain the question, is our presence here a product of our own desires or that of society's? The point of this reasoning is only to point out something we may not immediately recognize: regardless of what our own free will may dictate, we cannot help but be influenced by the values and morals of modern-day society. And it is because of this influence, the rewards which it offers and the punishments which it threatens, that the individual has found himself actually being manipulated by this larger body. Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud expresses this point in his greatest achievement, Civilization and Its Discontents. Pointing out this conflict between the individual and society Freud concludes, â€Å". . . the two processes of individual and of cultural development must stand in hostile opposition to each other and mutually dispute the ground.† (Freud, 106) And then after describing the affects of civilization as a â€Å"drastic mutilization† of his desires, Freud

The Causes of Altruism Essay -- Psychology

How do humans actually behave when faced with the decision to help others? The innate desire that compels humans to help is called altruism by psychologists. Through this feeling, humans transform from a selfish jerk to a more compassionate and caring person. Some psychologists believe that this feeling stems from nature itself. Despite the fact that some altruistic acts originate from the pressures of society, altruism predominantly comes from the survival of the fittest, the feeling of empathy, and the selfish desire to benefit your own kin. Before a case can be made for the causes of altruism, altruism itself must first be defined. Most leading psychologists agree that the definition of altruism is â€Å"a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing another’s welfare.† (Batson, 1981). The only way for a person to be truly altruistic is if their intent is to help the community before themselves. However, the only thing humans can see is the actions themselves, and so, selfish intent may seem the same as altruistic intent. Alas, the only way that altruism can be judged is if the intent is obvious. Through that, we must conclude that only certain intents can be defined as altruistic, and as intent stemming from nature benefits the group while other intent benefits yourself, only actions caused by nature are truly altruistic. Some psychologists believe that altruism stems from evolution, or the survival of the fittest. They point to examples where ants will willingly bury themselves to seal the anthill from foreign attacks, or the honeybee’s sting. That sting rips out the honeybee’s own internal organs, and has been described as â€Å"instruments of altruistic self-sacrifice. Although the individual dies, the bee’... ...ence for Altruism: Toward a Pluralism of Prosocial Motives.† Psychological Inquiry 2.2 (1991): 107-122. Web. 5.Feb. 2012. Dach-Gruschow, Karl Otto. Peace on Earth and Goodwill Toward Men: Altruism of Long Term Volunteers Diss. University of Illinois at Urbana-Chamaign, 2011. Print. Gintis, Herbert, Samuel Bowles, Robert Boyd, and Ermst Fehr. â€Å"Explaining Altruistic Behavior in Humans.† Evolution and Human Behavior 24 (2003): 153-172. Web. 5 Feb. 2012 Nunney, Len. â€Å"Group Selection, Altruism, and Structured-Deme Models.† The American Naturalist 126.2 (1985): 212-230. Web. 10 Feb. 2012. Rushton, J. Philippe. â€Å"Is Altruism Innate?† Psychological Inquiry 2.2 (1991): 141-143. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. Thomas, George and C. Daniel Batson. â€Å"Effect of Helping Under Normative Pressure on Self-Perceived Altruism.† Social Psychology Quarterly 44.2 (1981): 127-131. Web. 5 Feb. 2012